The Types Of Market Structures - 1640 Words

A market structure is where the physical characteristics of the market, where firms interact (). Market structures can highlight the criteria of firms, and express the barriers that they may face with entering. There are four types of competition across various market structures. The types of competition are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each types of market structures are a direct reflection of the current economic market state. When a company assesses market structures, the company must conduct proper research on the customers, competition, and costs. Understanding the current nature of the economy is instrumental in the success of the company in different market structures. 1. Perfect†¦show more content†¦Even in perfect competition market, the demand and supply can shift at any moment. Most of the time, the shift has already been predicted. Within a perfection competition market, there a different types of equilibriums. The different types of equilibriums within a perfect completion are the competitive, long-run, and market equilibriums. The competitive equilibrium emphasizes that a perfect competition has four common characteristics. The first characteristic of a perfection competition is when a large number of firms produces goods or service for a market that has a large amount of consumer. The second characteristic of a perfect competition is that there are no barriers for new firms to enter the markets at any time. The third characteristic of a perfect competition is all of the firms in the market sell produces that are identical in nature. The fourth characteristic of perfect competition is that all firms and consumers are price takers (). This means that the firms will have product for sale at a certain price, and the consumer will have no problem purchasing the product at that price. Consumers do not influence the prices at all in a perfect competition. The long-run equilibrium emphasizes that a perfect competition firms can enter and leave a market whenever they choose to. Long-run equilibriums will initially show profits. After a long period of time, the price will ultimately end up at a stall,

Health and Care Level 2 Free Essays

1 Understand why communication is the working setting 1. 1 Identify the different  reasons people communicate  Ã‚                                                                                                                                       As a human being we have the sense to have others around us and as a result it is essential to communicate. Communication is a two way process and is a vital tool in our lives so it is very important to have a good communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Health and Care Level 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reasons to communicate: -To express needs -To share and exchange ideas -To give and receive information and instructions -To socialise and share experiences -To build relationship To reassure -To express feelings and emotions -To understand and to be understood 1. 2 Explain how affective communication affects all aspects of the learners work. Within the care setting it’s vital to communicate with people at all time. Effective communication is important as ensures  that is  clear, concise, accurate, informative and most of all non-judgemental. Communication ensures affective team working and continuity of care. 1. 3Why it is important to observe an individual’s reactions when communicating with them Communication is a two-way process when two individuals interact with each other. One person is de sender and the other person automatically becomes the receiver. Observing face and body reaction is very important because only 70-80% of communication is verbal so for that reason if you don’t pay attention you can miss out on a large proportion of the communication. When working with an individual, supporters must get to know the person well and learn the best way to communicate with them as everyone has different needs. 2. 1Show how to find out an individual’s communication and language needs, wishes and preferences. There are many ways of communication and people communicate in all sort of different ways, for that reason we should try to communicate with the person we are caring for in the easiest way as possible. One of the ways to find out a person’s needs and preferences is by asking the person themselves as they are your best source of information. Otherwise you can speak to a family member or a close friend as they will probably have a great source of information. Another way to find out your clients wishes and preferences is by reading their care plan or asking a colleague with previous experience with a client. . 2 Demonstrate communication methods that meet an individual’s communication needs, wishes and preferences. Overcoming language differences and communication. First of all you will need to find out where the person is from and their culture, a use of a dictionary in their language will also help and be prepared to learn a fill words in their language. Other ways of o vercoming the language barriers is the use of flashcards to indicate there needs but the most effective way communication with a person who speaks another language is a non-verbal communication. The use of gestures can also be helpful but bear in mind that some gestures can be extremely offensive in some cultures. An interpreter is also another alternative in a serious discussion. A smile and a friendly face can be the key to overcome communication barriers. Meeting communication needs for someone with a hearing impairment. First of all make sure the persons hearing aid is working properly, installed with working batteries, clean, and that the person hearing aid is fitted correctly. Ensure the place where you sitting is quiet, light, and close enough so that the person can see your face clearly. Some people with hearing impairment will lip read while others will use a form of sign language for communication. Give the service user extra time to process what you are trying to say, speak clearly and in the right tone of voice. Meeting communication needs for someone with visual impairment. As a carer we should know that a person with visual impairment is not sure what is going on around them because of their disability. The ways of overcoming that barrier: –  making sure that you introduce yourself when entering their room -speaking clearly in a right tone of voice using touch to the hand and arm as saying you are concerned and sympathetic -find out from the client what system of communication they require -never take the arm of someone who is visually impaired to help them move around, allow the person the person to take your arm and ask for guidance. Meeting communication needs of people with physical disability. – There is different ways to deal with disabili ty because it would depend on the nature of the disability or illness. For example if your client had a stroke you will need to use very short sentences, speaking slowly and allowing the person to process what you have said and compose a reply. Using gestures and simple questions which only need a yes or a no answer is always a good method of communication. Writing, drawing or using flash cards is also another way of communication. – Neurone disease or cerebral palsy can also lead to speech difficulty, it means that there is no need to speak slowly as the person will understand perfectly what you are saying but it will be difficult to reply back to you. Also you will have to become familiar with sounds and the way the person communicate. Meeting the communication needs of people with a learning disability. When working with people with learning disability you have to adjust to their way of communication. You should gatherer essential information about the person and their level of understanding and kind of communication is most effective. One of the ways to communicate with a person with learning disability is physical contact, some people have a better understanding with physical level rather than a verbal level, but this will depend in each individual. 2. 3How and when to seek advice about communication The best way to find out in who to communicate with a person is asking themselves. However if communication is not possible you can ask their family or a close friend. Nevertheless when communication is hard and you fill that the person you are communicating with is not capturing the message you should seek advice by asking your line manager in getting specialists or organisations involved and helping you to communicate. There are many organisations with specified knowledge about communication with individuals with sensory loss. Do not assume you can do everything yourself. You should seek advice  whenever you have doubts so you can provide the best service possible. . 1 Identify barriers to effective communication There are many barriers which effect communication. Culture is one of them. We take for granted that everyone has the same view of point of communication. In some cultures a younger person shouldn’t have eye contact with the oldest and some articular gestures can be very disrespectful. The is also the language barrier, so remember when communica ting with a person who speaks a different language from you, you should speak clearly, using proper words without abbreviation, in a right tune of voice. Communicating with people with sensory loss can be a barrier. The best way to overcome the barriers: -list the problems to the communication. -list the ways you could try to overcome the communication problems. 3. 2Demonstrate ways to reduce barriers to effect communication -making the person feel as comfortable as possible -use gestures and pictures -give extra time for the person to process what you have said -smile, showing a positive expression -be warn and encouraging -make use of a dictionary if needed -speak clearly in a right tone of voice check hearing aid to see if it is working properly -use appropriate signing -use writing communication -reduce noise and improve lighting -repeating information if necessary -keep calm and remain patient -keep conversation sort and simple with someone who has difficulty in replay -judge appropriate level of communication -make sure conversation has been understood Remember you should always give your client the opportunity to express their needs and preferences Demonstrate ways to check that communication has been understood Making sure the person understood the conversation is vital. You can do that by: -listening effectively -ask the person to recap the discussion -maintain eye contact, to the person’s reaction -use of body language -make use of questions like (what, how, why, when and where) -showing interest to the conversation by leaning slightly -check their facial expression to see if the person has engaged in the conversation. 3. 4 Identify sources of information and support or services to enable more effective communication Language issues: You may need the service of an interpreter. You can find details of how to contact one from: your line manager, social services, police, embassy or the consulate of the person in need. Illness that affect people’s ability to produce sounds, use their neck and facial muscles may need the use of assistive technology. Some people will need advice of a speech and language therapist. People with sensory loss can use the NRCPD. This includes sign language, interpreters, lip readers, deaf blind communication and note takes. 4. 1Explain the term confidentiality Confidentiality means not sharing information about someone’s private personal information without their knowledge and consent. 4. 2Demonstrate confidentiality in a day-to-day communication in line with agreed ways of communication All the  information someone gives or is given on their behalf to an organisation is confidential and it should not be passed on. In some situations personal information needs to be passed on to a hospital, residential home, to a private agency. However only the information which is required should be given. It is unethical to disclose of any information or talk about peoples personal issues with family, friends and colleagues. 4. 3 Describe situations where information normally considered to be confidential might need to be passed on There are many situations where confidential information should be passed on. If you receive an information about child abuse you should report the information even if the child refuses to agree. But if an adult or an elderly person has been abused you have to have their consent, you can only persuade them to allow you to pass on the information. Police might need personal information about an individual if they have been involved in a serious crime. In a situation when an individual threats to harm someone else or if they put others in danger. 4. 4 Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentiality If you are unsure when to maintain confidentiality you should seek advice from your manager whether is regarding clients or colleagues. Maintaining trust and relationship with others is very important so check the organisation on information and confidentiality How to cite Health and Care Level 2, Papers

Elements In The Road Not Taken Essay Example For Students

Elements In The Road Not Taken Essay Elements In The Road Not Taken In the poem The Road Not Taken, author Robert Frost uses the simple image of a road to represent a persons journey through life. A well-established poet, Frost does a proficient job of transforming a seemingly common road to one of great importance, which along the way helps one identify who they really are. This poem is one of self-discovery. Frost incorporates strong elements of poetry such as theme, symbolism, rhyme scheme, diction, imagery, and tone to help create one of his most well known pieces about the human experience. The main theme of the poem that Frost attempts to convey is how important the decisions that one makes can be, and how they affect ones future. In lines 2-3, he expresses the emotions of doubt and confusion by saying, And sorry I could not travel/ And be one traveler, long I stood, which explains how the speaker contemplated their decision of which road to take. In the closing, line 20 of the poem further reestablishes the theme when it states, that has made all the difference, meaning that making the decision of which road to take for themselves is the important key for a successful future. Frost helps to express this theme by using symbolism to portray a road as ones journey of life. Using symbolism, Frost suggests that the speaker of this poem is taking the harder of the two roads presented before them, because the road the speaker chooses, leaves no step had trodden black (12). This scenario is one that is very common throughout ones life, whether or not to take the more common easy path, or the more challenging one. Another aspect of the poem that is well crafted, and helps it flow smoothly to the reader is its repetitive rhyme scheme that uses the same structure for each stanza. The poem is comprised of four stanzas, each consisting of five lines. Within the stanzas the first, third, and fourth lines rhyme, leaving the second and fifth with a rhyme of their own. The poem is also written as a first-person narrative, which makes it clearer for the reader to follow. This format and style shows an obvious scheme with organization done by Frost. Along with the order of the poem, Frost makes good use of diction to help express a feeling of seriousness by using more scholarly words. Instead of simply stating that one of the roads was less worn, he specifies that it was not trodden. Frost also gives a more vivid description of the road by describing how it diverged, rather than saying that it split or separated. Through the choice of articulate diction, this element helps Frost better describe the images of the poem. Frost clearly uses these strong images to help portray the setting of the poem. The woods that surround the roads are described as a yellow wood. The main path was bent in the undergrowth (5); while the path that the speaker chose was still grassy from not being traveled on. At the end of the poem the speaker is looking back on the decision of which road they chose, and is said to be telling this with a sigh (16), to help make the ending more dramatic, while adding to its tone. This also expresses how the speaker realizes their own limitations as a human, because there is no way that one can go back in time and see how life could be different had they chosen the other road. The serious tone of the poem helps to reinforce the theme of how important choices are, and that people make choices that affect their lives everyday. Frost creatively uses these elements of poetry to show how this simple scene in nature can symbolize so much to a person. These two paths that he presents can be anyone, at any point in their life, which helps to give the poem a personal quality the reader can identify with. Anyone can recognize a specific time in their life when they have been forced to make a decision that could change their life. Therefore, they can place themselves near the edge of the woods at the beginning of .

Usefulnessof functionalist theory free essay sample

Assess the usefulness of functionalist theory to an understanding of society as a functional unit ? (33 Marks) As a structural theory, Functionalism sees social structure or the organisation of society as more important than the individual. Functionalism is a top down theory. Individuals are born into society and become the product of all the social influences around them as they are socialised by various institutions such as the family, education, media and religion. Theory of Talcott Parsons Everyone has to have shared goals. Goals that benefit society. We need value consensus. Value consensus = agreed goals, values, roles that standardise and determine behavior. This = social order. How do we get value consensus? 1. Socialisation – the system can ensure it’s needs are met by teaching individuals to want to do what it requires them to do. Individuals internalise the norms and values so that society becomes part of their personality 2. Social Control – positive sanctions reward conformity and negative sanctions punish deviance. We will write a custom essay sample on Usefulnessof functionalist theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E.g. individual achievement is valued therefore those who conform to educational success are rewarded with qualifications while those who deviate by dropping out may be labeled as ‘lazy’ This means behavior will be predictable and stable = social order. Parson’s types of society.Traditional society Modern society Immediate Gratification Deffered Gratification.  Ascribed status Achieved Status.  Gradual change also occurs through dynamic equilibrium – as a change happens in one part of the system it produces changes in other parts to maintain social stability. This the result of institutions working together effectively to meet societies needs.  Marxism.  Conflict .  Revolutionary change.  Society benefits the ruling class.  Social control Ideological – distracted from the realities of exploitation. False consciousness – ruling class take control over education, media and religion so the working class are distracted from the realities of their exploited situation (however by bringing the working classes together in large numbers and driving down wages it is likely the working class will develop a consciousness of its own ‘Physical’ social control – if the ideological control fails the ruling class has its control over courts, police, armed services etc. to fall back on Both theories view society as a system of social structures and both agree that these social structures exist within a society.

Warhol and Litchenstein- compa essays

Warhol and Litchenstein- compa essays From a young age, both Warhol and Lichtenstein demonstrated surpassing talent in art. Andy Warhol, real name Andrew Warhola, was born in 1928 in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, to Czechoslovakian parents. Before he could walk, Warhol was coloring in coloring books. His mother noticed his exceptional skill for staying within the lines and for encouragement, rewarded her son with a candy bar each time he completed a page. During his grade school years Warhol, a chronic sufferer of Saint Vitus Dance, was frequently sick. He would lay in bed for days on end making paper dolls and copying the Maybelline ads of Hedy Lamarr. After highschool Warhol studied commercial art at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsberg. Warhol graduated in 1949 and went to New York where he worked for the magazines Harpers Bazarr and Vogue as an illustrator. At the same time he was working in commercial advertising and in his free time drew pictures of flowers, cats, angles, ect., to charm potential clients i nto giving him a job. He soon became one of New Yorks most sought after and successful illustrators. Though Warhol was extremely focused on his commercial career, he still found time to pursue his passion for fine art and in 1952 he had his first gallery show in New York City. Litchenstein was born in 1923 in New York City. His father was a relator and his mother a housewife. His parents were very busy people and because both his parents lacked an artistic streak, Lichtenstein grew up under no specific artistic influence. At the age of fourteen he attended a painting class, on weekends, at Parsons School of Desighn. Litchenstein attended Franklin High School in his adolesent years. The school had no art program, but he drew and painted at home and in the summers enrolled in art classes at the Art Students League. After high school Litche ...

40+ Best Print Book Distributors in 2019 the Ultimate Guide

40+ Best Print Book Distributors in 2019 the Ultimate Guide List of Print Book Distributors As a self-published author, finding the right book distributors can be overwhelming. eBook distribution is relatively simple, as almost anyone can list their books on the world's largest retailers. But if you want people to find your title on the shelves of your local bookstore, you need a  distributor. And depending on your genre, some might be better for you than others.Well, we’re here to help! Below, we’ve put together a list of book distributors - some of which are also wholesalers - to help you get your book on the shelves. But first, let’s nail down what a book distributor is and why it might be important in your author journey.What are book distributors?Book distributors are companies that pitch and sell books directly to wholesalers, bookstores, libraries, and other retailers through sale representatives and catalogs. If you’re a self-publisher, that means that you don’t need to worry about marketing your book to bookstores - your dist ributor will do that for you. And depending on whether you're using print-on-demand services or printing in bulk, the wholesaler might also take care of warehousing your title.In exchange, though, you may need to sign an exclusivity agreement, meaning your distributor is the only one that can sell your books to retailers and can charge a lot for their service (about 55% or more of the book’s cover price).Note: if you haven't figured out how you're going to print your book yet, check out this post comparing the major print-on-demand services available to indie authors.Distributors often specialize in a specific market (such as fiction, travel books, or children’s books), which is why it’s important that you do research based on your book’s genre in order to find a distributor that best fits your needs. Some are also more indie-friendly than others - an important factor for self-publishers to take into account, as some distributors may not work with single -title authors. Find out what book distributors are and why they are important on your author journey What is the difference between book distributors and book wholesalers?You might also see the word â€Å"book wholesaler† pop up every so often when you’re doing your research. There is a difference between the two. Book wholesalers also buy books in bulk and store them. However, unlike distributors, they will not market or pitch your title to bookstores. Instead, they simply accept and fulfill requests when bookstores and retailers order titles directly from them.To get your book onto the shelves, there’s no getting around the need of a middleman between you and the retailers. It’s physically impossible for a self-published author to distribute their book nationwide, much less globally.Therefore, it’s up to you to figure out what kind of middleman you want. If you deal directly with a distributor, you only need to worry about getting your book in the distributor’s hands. The distributor will then take charge of the actual distribution process . Wholesales, on the other hand, merely stock your book for you. You’ll need to do all the marketing and pitching to bookstores yourself. Book distributors vs. book wholesales. What is the difference? Find out... How does this affect you?If you are a self-published author who’s looking to get your book onto the shelf of a bookstore (or maybe even into The Guardian), getting set up with the right distributor is vital. Start off by going to their website and reading their services information. You should be able to get an idea of 1. How the company works and 2. What kind of books they distribute. An ideal match is a distributor that specializes in your particular genre - you will want them to have the appropriate experience marketing and selling your kind of book, after all.You’ll then need to download and fill out their application - yes, even indie-friendly distributors don’t work with everybody. If you don’t find one on their website, emailing an inquiry is usually the best option. This goes without saying, but read carefully whatever you are required to sign as this will have a direct impact on your royalties.With that in mind, here’s list of distributor s to get you started.Print Book Distributors in the United StatesAK Press Independent publisher and book distributor specializing in radical left and anarchist literature. Specialized genres: Radical left and anarchist literature. Website: https://www.akpress.org/ E-mail: info@akpress.orgAlibris Premier online marketplace and distributor for independent sellers of new and used books, music, and movies, as well as rare and collectible titles. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.alibris.com/Anchor Distributors Family owned distributor of Christian books and church supplies. Specialized genres: Religious - Christian. Website: https://www.anchordistributors.com/default.aspx E-mail: anchor.customerservice@anchordistributors.comAmerican West Books A major, nationwide supplier to warehouse clubs, specialty grocers, and national booksellers. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://americanwestbooks.com/ E-mail: Info@AmericanWestBooks.comBaker Taylor – A Follett Company A leading distributor of books, video, and music products to libraries, institutions, and retailers. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: http://btol.com/index.cfm E-mail: btinfo@btol.comBCH Fulfillment Distribution Independent book distributor and fulfillment house focusing on Small Presses, particularly with 10 or fewer titles. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: bookch.com/home.taf E-mail: customerservice@bookch.comBella Distribution Distribution to independent and chain bookstores for small publishing and bookstore communities. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: belladistribution.com/index.htm E-mail: info@belladistribution.comBookBaby Offers on demand printing and book distribution services. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.bookbaby.com/book-distribution E-mail: info@bookbaby.com (Learn more about BookBaby here!)CB Books Distribution Supports self-published and first-time authors, specializing in urban authors. Specialized genres: Urban books and African American authors. Website: cbbooksdistribution.com/home E-mail: cbbookdist@aol.comCardinal Publishers Group National book distributor serving independent presses. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: http://cardinalpub.com/ E-mail: info@cardinalpub.comCasemate Major specialist publisher and book distributor specializing in the producing and printing of military books. Specialized genres: Leading publisher of military books but also covers more genres. Website: https://www.casematepublishers.com/ E-mail: casemate@casematepublishers.comConsortium Books Sales Distribution Works with independent publishers as well as academic, library, wholesale and specialist markets. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.cbsd.com/ E-mail: cbsdinfo@ingramcontent.comDeVorss Company Book publisher and distributor of Metaphysical, Inspirational, Spiritual, Self-Help, and New Thought titles. Specialized genres: Metaphysical, inspirational, spiritual, self-help, and new thought. Webs ite: devorss.com/ E-mail: service@devorss.comDiamond Comic Distributors The world’s largest distributor of English-language comics, graphic novels and pop-culture related merchandise. Specialized genres: Comics, graphic novels, pop-culture. Website: https://www.diamondcomics.com/Home/1/1/3/103 E-mail: newaccounts@diamondcomics.comGem Guides Book Company Book publisher and distributor of books on rocks, minerals, gemstones, fossils, and crystals. Specialized genres: Rocks, minerals, gemstones, fossils, and crystals. Website: gemguidesbooks.com/ E-mail: info@gemguidesbooks.comGreenleaf Book Group A publisher and distributor dedicated to helping independent authors and small presses getting their work published. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://greenleafbookgroup.com/ E-mail: contact@greenleafbookgroup.comIndependent Publishers Group Distributes in the United States for large and small independent publishers and for publishers in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canad a, France, Ireland, Spain, Israel, and elsewhere. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.ipgbook.com/ E-mail: frontdesk@ipgbook.comIngram Content Group The world’s largest distributor of books to online and retail stores, schools, and libraries. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.ingramcontent.com/ E-mail: online.marketing@ingramcontent.comIngramSpark IngramSpark is Ingram’s platform for indie publishers, offering distribution, production, and book assembly. (For a promo code, read our IngramSpark review.) Specialized genres: Variety. Website: http://ingramspark.com E-mail: ingramsparksupport@ingramcontent.comMidpoint Trade Books A full-service book distribution company that represents independent publishers across the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: midpointtrade.com/ E-mail: orders@midpointtrade.comNational Book Network An independent, full-service sales, marketing, and distribution company se rving book publishers from around the world. Specialized genres: Non-fiction, fiction, and children's titles. Website: http://nbnbooks.com/ E-mail: customercare@nbnbooks.comNew Leaf Distributing The world's largest wholesale distributor of books, recorded media and sidelines related to the subject areas of Spirituality, Metaphysics, Natural Alternative Wellness, and Conscious Living. Specialized genres: Spiritual, metaphysics, natural alternative wellness, and conscious living. Website: https://newleaf-dist.com/New Shelves Books Distribution company that offers their experience to small publishers and self-published authors. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: newshelves.com/ E-mail: info@newshelves.comPublishers Group West One of the top book distribution companies in the world. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: pgw.com/Readerlink Distribution Services The largest full-service distributor of hardcover, trade and paperback books to non-trade channel booksellers in North Americ a. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: readerlink.net/Default.aspx E-mail: Info@Readerlink.comSCB Distributors An independent, full-service distributor to the book trade. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.scbdistributors.com/index.shtml E-mail: scb@scbdistributors.comSimon Schuster Offers a full range of distribution services to independent publishers, including but not limited to sales, fulfillment, production, and digital support services. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: simonandschusterpublishing.com/sns-distribution/index.htmlSmall Press Distribution Currently the only distributor in the country dedicated exclusively to independently published literature. Specialized genres: Variety. Website: https://www.spdbooks.org/ E-mail: spd@spdbooks.orgSunbelt Publications Publishes and distributes books specializing on the land and its people, natural science, outdoor guides, and cultural histories and regional references of the southwest. Specialized genres: Natu ral science, outdoor guides, cultural histories, regional references of the southwest. Website: https://sunbeltpublications.com/ E-mail: sunbeltbook@sunbeltpub.comTAN Books A traditional Catholic American book distributor and publisher. Specialized genres: Religious - Catholic. Website: https://www.tanbooks.com/ E-mail: CustomerService@TANBooks.com A list of the top print book distributors in the US... all in one place Do you know any other distributors that we missed? Let us know in the comments below!

In this paper, you will argue and explain ONE small detail of the Essay

In this paper, you will argue and explain ONE small detail of the story helps shapes ONE larger theme of the story - Essay Example The story shows how the hunger artist was caged not just physically but also spiritually. One of the most annoying things for the hunger artist was that the spectators lost interest and faith in his performances and talent. Many of them thought that his fasting was dishonest and thus there were many people form the audience who kept an eye at him. Moreover, there were night watcher groups as well that monitored him to ensure that he is not taking any nourishment. They annoyed him all night by pointing their pocket torch lights at his face. the author writes â€Å"Nothing annoyed the artist more than such watchers; they made him miserable; they made his fast seem unendurable; sometimes he mastered his feebleness sufficiently to sing during their watch for as long as he could keep going, to show them how unjust their suspicions were† (Kafka 57). The cage is a symbol used by Kafka which represents the alienation of the hunger artist from the society. The cage is where the artist performs and it creates a division between the spectators and the artist to prevent him from those who don’t understand him. The hunger artist has his own world inside the cage where he understands himself and respects his talent whereas the world outside is unable to respect and understand the artist's perfection and honesty. The author writes â€Å"For he alone knew, what no other initiate knew, how easy it was to fast. It was the easiest thing in the world. He made no secret of this, yet people did not believe him’’ (Kafka 58). The spectators did not believe him and thought he cheated on his fasts as there was no one to keep an eye on him all the time. The artist believes that what stops the spectators form believing him is their position which is outside the cage. These spectators don’t even appreciate him and thus the cage is a symbol to represent security and protection for the artist from these people who are unable to understand him. The hunger a rtist feels cheated and helpless which is why he has isolated himself in the cage. It is the place where he and his honesty reside. It is the part of the world where he feels separate from others and believes in himself. But it is not long when the attitudes of people and spectators broke him down. the audience showed that they admired him so much but in reality they hated him and were cruel, â€Å"And he looked up into the eyes of the ladies who were apparently so friendly and in reality so cruel, and shook his head, which felt too heavy on its strength-less neck† (Kafka 58). The cage also represents the relationship that the hunger artist had with himself. The artist felt that he was trapped and caged within himself. His fasts were directly affecting his body which is why he was physically constrained. He was trapped in his body and even if he wished to escape from it, it was only through death. His fasts were merely a way through which he attempted to escape his skin. Fast ing was associated with his divinity and death. In the end he gives up his life to escape his body unable to do anything else as his body had limitations. This was an achievement for him as this was his idea of perfection. The hunger artist believed in himself and his perfection, he set out leaving his manager and â€Å"So he took leave of the impresario, his partner in an unparalleled career, and hired himself to a large circus; in order to spare his own feelings he avoided reading the

Strategic managiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic managiment - Essay Example DeBeers provides employment to more than 23000 employees worldwide and the main objective of the company is to make high quality diamonds and make a lasting contribution on the community (DeBeers, 2013h). The company has two major shareholders Anglo American with 85 percent holding and Government of the Republic of Botswana with 15 percent holding (DeBeers, 2013k). The DeBeers group of companies constitute of wholly owned subsidiaries, investment and partnerships in diamond making. The major tasks of DeBeers include exploration of diamonds and mining activities in three major diamond producing countries like Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. The company also specializes in sorting, valuation and sale of rough diamonds and the development of synthetic diamonds for major industrial applications (DeBeers, 2013e).The study will deal with the strategic analysis of DeBeers and its outcome during the tenure 2008 to 2009. The author of the study will also conduct a PESTLE analysis which wi ll highlight the impact of the external and internal forces on the business activities of De Beers. Finally, the study will also conclude with an analysis which would help in identifying the internal and external resources of the company. Analysis of Business Environment & Success factors of DeBeers The business environment analysis also helps the company in adapting a particular marketing environment and also the way it responds to certain environmental circumstances (Shaikh, 2010). The Porter’s Five Forces Model will be a significant macro environment analysis which will help in understanding the impact of the external and internal forces in a direct and indirect manner. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Diamond is regarded as one of the most precious and valuable jewellery item in UK and is also the most coveted jewellery in the world. As per a survey conducted by the Bain and Company it was analyzed that diamond was the most coveted jewellery among women in UK in the year 2008 (Bain and Company, 2011). In the same survey conducted in the year 2008 it was also observed that that at least 65 percent of the UK household owned at least one diamond jewellery in the household (Bain and Company, 2011). This reflects that in spite of recession in the UK the common people preferred investing in valuable jewellery like diamond and also regard it as a valuable gifting item. Since, diamond is one of the most valuable and requires extensive maintenance, the price of diamond is quite high and seldom there is any bargaining while purchasing the product. The bargaining power of the buyers is not very high in this industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The supplier forms an integral part in the diamond industry because they helped the diamond companies in 2008 to maintain timely delivery of the jewellery for industrial and consumer applications. The suppliers are responsible for supply of crude diamond to the warehouses for cutting purposes and also for the supply of th e polished diamond in the retail shops. The bargaining power of suppliers in this industry is high. Threat of Substitutes: Although, compared to the other jewellery items diamond is regarded as one of the most valuable items in the world jewellery items like platinum and silver cannot be replacement for diamond. However, preference is given to diamonds and the threat of substitutes was very low in the industry. Due to

Computer Program and Level Exam Essay Example for Free

Computer Program and Level Exam Essay Introduction: Goal of the report Goal of the project Preview of methods and results Methods: Steps you took or actions you did Results: Tell what you discovered in a table or a graph Discussion: Significance of what you found out Recommendations Goals achieved or not Questions raised SESSION ABOUT NAVIGATING THE INTERNET IMRD REPORT The goal of this IMRD report is to describe what I have learned in the session about using the Preimavera program. The goal of this project was to learn how to plan a project from its beginning to the end using a computer program. This report will inform the reader of the methods used, results reached and goals achieved. Methods: Level exam The level exam is basically an exam to know how good your computer skills like sending data through the internet. It’s a simple exam but it is necessary. Theoretical method The first three sessions are mainly theoretical sessions. Where you learn how to plan a project manually without the computer program by using node diagrams and other planning methods Practical method The rest of the sessions are practical sessions where the teacher explains how to operate the program and gives you a small project to plan and helps you master it. Final test The last step is the test you take where you plan a whole project and according to the result you get a certificate that you have mastered the preimavera. Results: Results| Methods| I knew that I was qualified for this course| Level exam| I learned how to plan a project without a computer program| Theoretical method| I learned how to operate the program| Practical method| To get a certificate that I mastered the preimavera| Final test| Discussion: The results above show that I have met my goal for learning how to work on Preimavera program, and I found out that anyone could learn how to use this program, and I still have to learn other planning programs like CANDY. I recommend ZODIAC center for learning computer programs.

Discuss the role that the Bank of England plays within the UK economy. :: Economics

Discuss the role that the Bank of England plays within the UK economy. The Bank of England was founded in 1694 to act upon the government as its banker and debt-manager. Since it was founded, its role has developed and evolved into what we have today, with its role centred on the management of the nations monetary unit, the pound and it is the infrastructure of the UK’s financial system. (http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/history/index.htm visited 27th October 2005 last updated 12th June 2002 by Anon) The history of the Bank is one of great interest in this country, but also of continuing relevance and importance to the bank today. Events that have taken place within the last three hundred years have helped to shape and influence the role and the general responsibilities of the Bank. The Bank has moulded the culture and traditions and the expertise of the Bank as a central unit to the early years of the 21st century. Much of the history of the bank runs in tandem to the financial and economic history of this country, and often too the political history of the UK more generally. There have been many key points in the history of the Bank which have guided its future in this country. In the early years the Bank system was weak in the rule of King William and Queen Mary. Over the years though, various progressions have been made with the introduction of loans, interest rates and various other things which make up the Bank today. The Bank of England is controlled by the level of interest rates it sets via the manipulation of short term interest rates. This is controlled by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). If the MPC think that the demand is set to rise too fast, then they will increase the interest rate, but if they think demand is growing at a slow rate, or maybe even possibly falling, they will then reduce the interest rate. This is known as the transmission mechanism. The MPC is made up of nine members. Five of them are from within the Bank of England and include the Governor and two Deputy Governors, the other four are called external members and are appointed by the Chancellor. At each monthly meeting the members vote on what they believe should happen to the interest rates. If the vote is equal, then the Governor of the Bank of England has the casting vote. There are many different internal consumer demand changes that will affect the general public. Firstly there is consumer borrowing. Many consumers use this method to borrow money in the form of credit cards

Development of a Home Messaging and Communication System Essay

This is group coursework. Groups should have between 3 to 5 people. Do only one of the assignments described below. Read everything before you decide which to tackle. Assignment 1 – Home Messaging System Many people live in a house or flat with others. People may live fairly independently with different interests and routines, or they may be more closely involved with each others’ lives. Whichever is the case, they will probably need to coordinate their activities with each other. They may benefit from ways of recording and sharing reminders about events such as appointments or significant dates. They may need ways to record and coordinate over tasks such as chores around the place. They may benefit from ways of indicating problems, requests for information or action, ways just saying â€Å"hello† and ‘greasing the wheels’ of communal living, or even ways of addressing conflicts if they occur. The messages people currently leave for each other can take many forms. They may use Post-its, whiteboards, pinboards or other surfaces that can be written on. The practices of information sharing may evolve over many years and are often designed to fit carefully into peoples’ lives. However, written messages may have disadvantages: they tend to be static and not easily updated; they also are fixed in one location, whereas people are mobile and may need access to notes and messages even when they aren’t at the location where the message was created. Coursework Instructions Research, prototype and evaluate a digital Home Messaging device or system that people in a house or flat can use to share the kinds of information they need to coordinate activities with one another and enable good, happy social relations. The details of what they can do will depend on what you find out by doing some user-research. The system you develop should have an interface within a shared space, but may also work in coordination with devices at other locations. Assignment 2 – Mobile Museum or Art Gallery System Museums and art galleries make an important contribution to our cultural landscape. A visit to a museum or art gallery can happen for many reasons. People may want to learn, be reflective, to be entertained or to have a fun day out with friends and family. People may have a deep interest in what they will see there or they may just want something to do on a rainy afternoon. Image by EmilySuran (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Digital technology can provide opportunities for enhancing these experiences in a number of ways. They may offer information before a visit. During a visit users might want information or to communicate in some way. Mobile devices can be location-aware. For example, this can be done using QR codes. A QR (Quick Response) code (see image below) is a matrix barcode which can be scanned by a device fitted with a camera (such as a smart phone). A user could scan a code next to an exhibit to launch some location-based service. And after the visit there may be some follow-up activities, perhaps using information about what interested them. A QR code Coursework Instructions Research, prototype and evaluate a system that could be used by people to enhance their experiences in museums and/or art galleries in some way. The service could provide information and/or enhance shared experiences. It could help them learn or make things fun. The system could integrate with a web-based system to allow people to do things before or after a trip. Again, the details of will depend on what you find out by doing some user-research. General Instructions Whichever project you do it must involve the following major activities: 1. user-research 2. prototyping 3. evaluation 4. prototype revision In other words, follow an iterative design approach. Each step should inform the next. It should be clear how the research has informed the design, and how the evaluation has informed the revised design. As an alternative to traditional user-research methods you might like to try auto ethnography. Auto ethnography is an approach which seeks to describe and systematically analyse personal experience. If you do this you will be graded on the methods you use to acquire and analyse useful experiences and the quality of the insights that this gives you. For any activity that involves human participants you must complete a Middlesex University School of Engineering and Information Sciences Research Consent (Form C) and a Declaration Form and Ethical Approval Request (Form D). Have your consent form approved by your tutor before you start each phase of user engagement and have them sign your form D. The forms can be found in the ‘Useful Forms’ section of the Middlesex University, School of EIS – Ethics & Research Webpage. Assessment The work will be assessed in parts: Group Progress Review Presentation – 25% of total mark The presentation should describe the work you have done and your plans for completing the assignment. Group members will only receive a mark if they make a reasonable contribution to the presentation, with each receiving the same mark. Individual Final Report – 75% of total mark The final report should be no more than 4000 words (not including appendixes). Each group member will receive an individual mark. The report should be structured as follows (maximum marks awarded are shown in brackets as a percentage of marks awarded for the report): * Introduction (10%) * User Research (15%) * Prototype (15%) * Evaluation (15%) * Prototype revision (10%) * Discussion (10%) * Appendices containing all appropriate ethics forms1 (15%) An additional 10% will be awarded for presentation of the report. All marks will depend on the separate submission of your raw data. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www.eis.mdx.ac.uk/research/groups/Alert/Ethics_Research/forms.html

Epidural Catheterization In Cardiac Surgery Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction: Risk-benefit-ratio rating of extradural haematomas due to catheter arrangement in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is still controversial. The intent of this survey is to update to 2012 the per centum of catheter-related extradural haematoma hazard in cardiac surgery. Methods: Bracco and Hemmerling 2007 hazard appraisal was updated by seeking all reported instances of extradural arrangement for cardiac surgery, in web and in literature, from April 2007 to September 2012. Hazards of other medical and non-medical activities were retrieved from recent reappraisals or national statistic studies. Consequences: Hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma is 1/5,493, with a 95 % CI of 1/970 to 1/31,114. It is similar to the hazard in the general surgery population of 1/6,628 ( 95 % CI 1/1,170 to 1/37,552 ) . Decisions: Hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma should be considered acceptable, since it is comparable to the hazard of deceasing in a auto accident, which is a jeopardy widely accepted. Its usage should be encouraged, because extradural improves recovery in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.IntroductionIn cardiac surgery, the extradural anesthesia/analgesia technique has been performed for many old ages [ 1 ] ; however, its usage is frequently limited by the fright of increased hazard of extradural haematoma associated with anticoagulation therapy. The risk-benefit ratio of medical processs needs to be known in order to do the best pick in routinely clinical pattern. In peculiar, it is of import to better look into the hazard benefit-ratio of extradural catheter in cardiac surgery, since it is a controversial and strongly debated pattern. In a recent reappraisal [ 2 ] , Royse showed the benefits and hazards related to high pectoral extradural anaesthesia, and he concludes that & amp ; acirc ; ˆ?epidural usage in cardiac surgery is no more unsafe than in non cardiac surgery & A ; acirc ; ˆA? . Previously, Bracco and Hemmerling estimated hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma, seeking databases from 1966 to March 2007 [ 3 ] . The deliberate hazard was 1 extradural haematoma out of 12,000 extradural catheterisation reported in literature. The purpose of this survey is to update to 2012 the per centum of catheter-related extradural haematoma hazard in cardiac surgery.MethodMedline, SciSearch Embase, Google and Google Scholar were searched to choose publications showing patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received extradural anesthesia/analgesia. The hunt standards were ( ( ( ( extradural anaesthesia ) OR extradural catheter ) OR locoregional anaesthesia ) OR extradural ) AND ( ( ( ( cardiac surgery ) OR coronary arteria beltway grafting ) OR aortal valve surgery ) OR mitral valve surgery ) . Databases were explored from April 2007 to September 2012. The compiled publication list includes: conference abstracts, randomized control tests, retrospective and prospective surveies, and meta-analysis. The figure of patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received extradural catheterisation was retrieved ; attending was paid to non number patients twice. After that, the entire figure of instances ( denominator ) was calcula ted summing instances from April 2007 to September 2012 with instances from 1966 to March 2007 ; the latters were already included in the appraisal hazard done by Bracco and Hemmerling [ 3 ] . The numerator was calculated adding instances of extradural haematoma after extradural catheterisation in cardiac surgery, occurred from 1966 to 2012. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma was compared with several different hazards, such as: the hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in non cardiac surgery, the hazard of chest or prostate malignant neoplastic disease, and the hazard of route traffic hurt. The per centums of hazard used for comparing were extrapolated from big tests, meta-analysis or national statistics studies. As already done by Bracco and Hemmerling, the Wilson method [ 4 ] was used to cipher 95 % reversible assurance interval ( CI ) of a individual proportion. The comparing between 2 proportions was done utilizing the same method [ 5 ] .ConsequenceIn 2012, the hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is 3 instances out of 16,477 patients, or 1/5,493, with a 95 % CI of 1/970 to 1/31,114. From April 2007 to 2012, around 4,477 patients having merely extradural or extradural plus GA and undergoing cardiac surgery were found. This population besides includes some paediatric patients. Kind of surgery and figure of patients are shown in table 1. We summed our consequences with the one estimated by Bracco and Hemmerling ; hence, the denominator is 16,477 ( 12,000 + 4,477 ) . Merely two instances of catheter-related extradural haematoma are described in literature from April 2007 to 2012. The first one occurred in 2010 and is reported by the UK Medical Protection Society [ 6 ] . A 70-year-old adult female had to undergo alteration surgery after 6 old ages since she received a ternary coronary arteria beltway. The twenty-four hours of surgery extradural catheter was placed without incident, and so GA was induced. The twenty-four hours after surgery, in the forenoon, the patient showed initial neurological symptoms, noticed by a nurse. However, her spinal column was examined through a CT scan merely hours subsequently, after neurological scrutiny revealed an intense motor and centripetal bilaterally block at the T6 degree. A big haematoma in the extradural infinite was clearly seeable ; hence, an exigency laminectomy and emptying of haematoma were performed. This patient remained paraplegic. The 2nd instance of catheter-related extradural haematoma happened in 2011 [ 7 ] . On the twenty-four hours of surgery, after GA initiation an extradural catheter was placed. The patient was a 55-year-old adult male scheduled for mitral valve replacing and tricuspid annulate plasty, who had stopped warfarin 7 yearss earlier surgery. Preoperative blood test revealed a normal curdling profile and normal thrombocyte count. A flaccid paraplegia appeared 16 hours after the terminal of surgery ; at that clip his curdling profile was altered and he had besides thrombocytopenia. An exigency magnetic resonance imagination showed an extradural haematoma at the T5-T6 degree, hence a laminectomy, within 6 hours since symptoms onset, was instantly performed to take the haematoma. This patient had a good overall recovery, and presented merely a little dysuria 6 months after laminectomy. Bracco and Hemmerling identified merely one instance of catheter-related extradural haematoma occurred in 1995 and subsequently reported in 2004 [ 8 ] ; hence, this instance adds up to the 2 antecedently described, so the numerator for the hazard assessment up to 2012 is represented by 3 instances. Several instances of neurological complications happening in patients with an extradural catheter placed for cardiac surgery are described in literature. Arora et Al. reported a instance of pneumocephalus after extradural anaesthesia [ 9 ] . The patient was a 68-year-old hypertensive, diabetic and corpulent male admitted for a coronary arteria beltway surgery ( CABG ) . He had a moderate clogging pneumonic disease, so extradural anaesthesia was proposed, obtaining informed consent. After uneventful extradural catheter interpolation, the trial dosage was administered ( 2ml of 2 % Lidocaine ) . Immediately, the patient reported a terrible concern, and so generalized tonic clonic ictuss developed. The patient gained consciousness 10 proceedingss subsequently, after ictuss were controlled. The magnetic resonance imagination showed air in the basal cisterns and subarachnoid infinites. The patient got a full recovery and underwent surgery 2 yearss subsequently. Writers concluded that the c omplications were due to the puncture of the dura mater. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is comparable to the hazard of extradural haematoma after regional techniques for general surgery [ 10, 11 ] . Volk et Al. estimated an incidence of spinal haematoma of 1: 6,628 in general surgical population, in Germany, from 2008 to 2009. We calculated a comparative hazard decrease of 17 % prefering general surgery ( non important ) . The US mortality for bosom disease ( deaths per population ) [ 12 ] is 10 times higher the hazard of extradural haematoma after extradural anesthesia/analgesia for cardiac surgery. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is 100 times lower than both the incidence of acute nephritic failure after CABG [ 13 ] , and the incidence of sternal lesion infection after CABG [ 14 ] . The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is besides a 1,000 times lower than the frequence of ordering mistakes in infirmaries ( errors/admissions ) [ 15 ] . Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with an extradural catheter in topographic point have a hazard to develop an extradural haematoma comparable to the hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease ( women/year ) or prostatic malignant neoplastic disease ( men/year ) [ 16 ] , and to the hazard of deceasing by accident ( deaths/population ) [ 17 ] [ Fig.1 ] .DiscussionKnowing the hazard per centum related to medical processs is really of import in clinical pattern ; it permits to correctly measure the risk-benefit ratio and to explicate patients all is needed, in order to obtain an informed consent before executing processs. Two recent meta-analysis have shown, one time once more, that the usage of epidural over general anaesthesia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery improves recovery by diminishing: the incidence of acute nephritic failure, the incidence of postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias, the clip on mechanical airing and respiratory complications [ 18, 19 ] . Therefore, extradural anaesthesia is an of import intercession in the multimodal scheme that anesthesiologists actuate in order to vouch the best quality attention. Furthermore, wake up cardiac surgery is a new minimally invasive anaesthesia technique, and it is a cherished option for bad patients with terrible COPD ; because avoiding cannulation and mechanical airing is necessary to cut down the hazard of decease [ 20-25 ] . This survey demonstrates that the hazard of catheter related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is non zero, but it is a hazard that we consider to be acceptable, since it is comparable to the hazard of deceasing in a auto accident [ 26 ] , which is an jeopardy normally accepted [ Fig. 1 ] . Restrictions of the current hazard analysis are related to our determination of non sing differences among the surveies we used as beginning. Different times of catheter arrangement, different perioperative heparinization protocols and different puncture degrees are non taken into history. The increased hazard, compared to the 2007 appraisal by Bracco and Hemmerling, we believe is due to a lessening in the figure of instances we used to find the denominator, and non to a existent addition in instances of catheter-related extradural haematoma. We used as denominator the figure of patients who received an extradural catheterisation to undergo cardiac surgery. It is our sentiment, that the instances reported in literature in recent old ages are merely a little proportion of the figure of extradural catheter arrangement really performed. Furthermore, the attending paid to epidural-related jobs has increased over clip, and accordingly, the demand to describe incorrect events increased. In literature, instances of self-generated extradural haematoma without an extradural catheter after cardiac surgery are besides described. For case, Hayashi et Al. [ 27 ] reported about a 71-year-old adult females, who underwent mitral valve plasty with CPB. The surgery lasted around 4 hours uneventfully, and she was non antecedently treated with anticoagulant therapy neither with extradural. One hr after surgery, paraplegia was apparent, an extradural haematoma compacting spinal cord at the C7-T4 degree was revealed through magnetic resonance imagination. A conservative attack was chosen because the paraplegia was non progressive. The writers stated that the extradural haematoma etiology was non apparent. The adult female had good overall result. In decision, measuring the risk-benefit ratio of utilizing pectoral extradural anaesthesia in cardiac surgery should be easier, thank to this update hazard appraisal.

Hygroscopic Definition in Chemistry

Hygroscopic Definition in Chemistry Water is an important solvent, so its unsurprising that there is a term specifically related to water absorption. Definition of Hygroscopic A hygroscopic substance is able to absorb or adsorb water from its surroundings. Typically, this occurs at or near ordinary room temperature. Most hygroscopic materials are salts, but many other materials display the property. When water vapor is absorbed, the water molecules are taken into the molecules of the substance, often resulting in physical changes, such as increased volume. Color, boiling point, temperature, and viscosity can also change. When water vapor is adsorbed, the water molecules remain on the surface of the material. Examples of Hygroscopic Materials Zinc chloride, sodium chloride, and sodium hydroxide crystals are hygroscopic. Silica gel, honey, nylon, and ethanol are also hygroscopic. Sulfuric acid is hygroscopic, not only when concentrated but also down to a concentration of 10% v/v or even lower. Germinating seeds also are hygroscopic. After seeds have dried, their outer coating becomes hygroscopic and starts absorbing moisture needed for germination. Some seeds have hygroscopic portions that change the shape of the seed when moisture is absorbed. The seed of Hesperostipa comata twists and untwists, depending on its hydration level, drilling the seed into the soil. Animals also make use of hygroscopic materials. For example, a species of lizard commonly called the thorny dragon has hygroscopic grooves between its spines. Water (dew) condenses on the spines at night and collects in the grooves, and then capillary action lets the lizard capture water across its skin. Hygroscopic Versus Hydroscopic You might encounter the word hydroscopic used in place of hygroscopic. Although hydro- is a prefix meaning water, the word hydroscopic is a misspelling and is incorrect. A hydroscope is an instrument used to take deep sea measurements. A device called a hygroscope in the 1790s was an instrument used to measure humidity levels. The modern name for such a device is a hygrometer. Hygroscopy and Deliquescence Hygroscopic and deliquescent materials are both able to absorb moisture from the air. However, hygroscopy and deliquescence dont mean precisely the same thing. Hygroscopic materials absorb moisture, but deliquescent materials absorb moisture to the extent that the substance dissolves in water. Deliquescence may be considered an extreme form of hygroscopy. A hygroscopic material will become damp and may stick to itself or become caky, while a deliquescent material will liquefy. Hygroscopy Versus Capillary Action While capillary action is another mechanism involving the uptake of water, it differs from hygroscopy in that no absorption occurs in capillary action. Storing Hygroscopic Materials Hygroscopic chemicals require special care. Typically, they are stored in airtight containers. They may also be maintained under kerosene, oil, or within a dry atmosphere. Uses of Hygroscopic Materials Hygroscopic substances are used to keep products dry or to remove water from an area. They are commonly used in desiccators. Hygroscopic materials may be added to products because of their ability to attract and hold moisture. These substances are referred to as humectants. Examples of humectants used in food, cosmetics, and drugs include salt, honey, ethanol, and sugar. The Bottom Line Hygroscopic and deliquescent materials and humectants are all able to absorb moisture from the air. Generally, deliquescent materials are used as desiccants. They dissolve in the water they absorb to yield a liquid solution. Most other hygroscopic materials (which dont dissolve) are called humectants.

Probes and Probabilities

Probes and Probabilities Probes and Probabilities Probes and Probabilities By Mark Nichol The Latin noun probus, meaning â€Å"virtuous† or â€Å"worthy,† is the ultimate source of probe and probability and their variants, which are listed and defined in this post. The verb probe is from the Latin word probare, derived from probus and meaning â€Å"demonstrate† or â€Å"test,† and means â€Å"examine† or â€Å"search.† The noun form, also probe, describes an investigation or search or a device for carrying out either type of procedure. A proband, meanwhile, is the first subject to be examined in a medical study to investigate, for example, a genetic disorder. Probate refers, as a noun or a verb, to validation of a will, and probation is study of a person to determine his or her fitness for a position or for rehabilitation after committing a crime, or the period during which the study occurs. (Adjectival forms are probational and probationary, and the adverbial form is probationally.) The probationer, the person under probation, seeks to demonstrate probity; that word, directly derived from probus, means â€Å"virtue.† The adjective probative means â€Å"exploratory† or â€Å"substantiating† and, in legal contexts, â€Å"relating to proof† or â€Å"tending to prove.† A reprobate is a person who demonstrates a lack of virtue. This term’s force has become diluted; it is now usually employed in a humorous sense as a synonym for rascal, but in the 1800s, it described a morally depraved person, and earlier, the connotation was of condemnation or damnation. As a verb, reprobate means â€Å"condemn,† â€Å"damn,† or â€Å"reject,† and it also serves as an adjective. Probable and its permutations are also descended from probare. Probable and probably derive from the Latin word probabilis, meaning â€Å"acceptable† or â€Å"provable,† and are synonyms for the adjectival and adverbial forms of likely, while the quality of being probable- as well as the mathematical concept of likelihood- is probability. (The antonyms for these words are formed by attaching the prefix im-.) In addition, the adjective probabilistic applies to philosophical and scientific concepts pertaining, respectively, to competing options and to the supposed invalidity of certainty. A subsequent post will detail the cognates proof and prove and other members of the probus family that deviate from the ancestral spelling. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?How Long Should a Paragraph Be?10 Terms for the Common People

Explain how self-creation, social status, and the idea of success Essay

Explain how self-creation, social status, and the idea of success inform the major theme of Winter Dreams by F. Scott Fitzgerald - Essay Example His desire and aspiration to come out of the shell of a middle class individual in order to become rich and wealthy is one of the most important aspects of the story, which is propelled by his association with the rich and famous golf players such as Mortimer Jones. The meandering relationship of Dexter with Judy, the daughter of Mortimer Jones depicts an intriguing portrait of his character, as well. The intention of Dexter to quit his job as a caddy and his vociferous ambition propels him to reach the pinnacle of life. Fitzgerald’s use of such phrases as â€Å"second-best grocery store† corresponds with Dexter’s hankering for a certain status in the society which is achieved when he becomes a partner in a laundry. As a matter of fact, his longing for status led him to leave the state school and joining the university even though he was pressed for money. The author of this story has carefully weaved his protagonist, Dexter by providing different shades to his imagination and his urge to change his social status by wrapping it with success. However, amidst different incidents in the story particularly the failure of Dexter to marry Irene proves his infidelity towards her; at the same time, he could not satisfy Judy Jones though Fitzgerald has also mentioned the depth of his feelings for Judy: â€Å"It did not take him many hours to decide that he had wanted Judy Jones ever since he was a proud, desirous little boy† (p.7). The story of Winter Dreams describes the ways adopted by people for attaining success which eventually emerge as the most significant reason for unhappiness. The title of the story justifies the dreams of Dexter that are nourished during the most quiescent and inarticulate season of the year that casts a dark shadow in his life when he attains everything except fulfillment. Thus, the story of his success and the attainment of social status reveal

Narrative and research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Narrative and research - Essay Example Abdullah was a bright student. Every time after stepping out of the exam hall, he used to say with a smile, â€Å"I’ll rank this time also, the paper was so good†. The teachers used to praise him so much. He was good at sports even and represented our school for the interschool competitions within the region. He used to take tuitions from the best teachers and he always outshined at every occasion. I could remember that the only thing that was not perfect in his life was the differences between his parents. Abdullah used to live beside my house and I could hear his parents fighting most of the time. A huge car used to come at the school’s gate for picking him from school and my friend used to offer me a ride every day. The way to home was a memorable journey; we used to switch on the music player and then used to talk about our teachers, friends and mocked them. We giggled throughout the way but as soon as the car used to get closer to our home, Abdullah’s smile used to disappear. He never felt comfortable about his parent’s fights which were audible from a distance. I could read the expression on his face which was nervous and ashamed at the same time. Sometimes when his parents fought, he came running to my house asking for a pencil or an eraser, and I could understand that pencil or eraser was just an excuse to stay away from the circumstance in his home. During weekends, when I and my family used to go for an outing and my father used to drive out the car from the garage I noticed Abdullah standing in his balcony and staring at us with a sad face. I felt bad for him but then I was too young to do anything to help him out. He had no sibling and he was the only child of his parents. Often Abdullah used to tell me about his worries and he used to feel upset about those fights. Then gradually Abdullah started performing poorly in the exams. He even started missing the regular classes. When asked, he often replied, â€Å"Iâ₠¬â„¢m not well†. One thing must be mentioned in this context. The parents of the new generation focus a lot on the material comfort of their child. As a result the demands of the child grow at a greater pace. Moreover working parents feel guilty that they are not spending sufficient time with their kids. Thus the parents keep expecting that their child will be satisfied if they are offered with the latest gadgets and it would compensate their absence. Thus, the emotional attachment among the new generation kids with their parents can be found to drop at an increasing rate as the kids consider their parents as someone who will meet their demands. The same thing happened with Abdullah. He never had to request his parents for anything. He had all the luxuries and comforts a person can think of except a peaceful and happy life. He rarely talked with his them. Things turned worst when his parents decided to get separated. We were just 13 then and I found Abdullah sitting at a corne r of the bench during lunch hours weeping silently. I asked him why he was upset. He said he was unable to decide with whom he should stay for the rest of his life, as he have to choose either his mother or his father, â€Å"But I love them both†, said Abdullah. For the first time I myself felt like crying seeing someone else’s tears. Then Abdullah moved to a different place with his mother and his father stayed beside my house alone. I started missing my friend a lot but time is the best

Human and Plant Physiology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human and Plant Physiology - Coursework Example The mesophyll tissue, which is made up of spongy cells, and palisade cells contain a huge number of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll (a green pigment) which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis. The leaf’s palisade tissue contains the greatest concentration of chloroplasts and it is in this tissue where most photosynthesis takes place (Adds, Larkcom, and Miller 2004, p3). Explain the Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the Plant and Its Environment Gaseous exchange indicates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the plant and its environment or surrounding. There are two processes of gaseous exchange, photosynthetic gas exchange and respiratory gas exchange. In photosynthetic gas exchange, carbon dioxide is taken up and oxygen given off by the plant. On the other hand, in respiratory gas exchange, the plant takes up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. The process that predominates at a certain time can be determined at the leaf surfac e of the assimilating plant. Respiratory carbon dioxide escapes when it is dark. Under optimal conditions for assimilation, photosynthesis is maintained by the utilization of carbon dioxide set free through respiration. This state of compensation is only evident when the process of gas exchange is shut off. It is important to note that gas exchange between the plant cells and its surroundings or the environment takes place by mass flow and diffusion (Larcher 2003, p91). Explain the Uptake of Water and Minerals by the Plant After the diffusion of mineral-rich soil water into the roots, the water reaches the vascular cylinder of the root through two ways, (a) by diffusing through the cell wall, and (b) by moving through the cytoplasm. Water enters the cytoplasm through the diffusion across the plasma membrane of the cell in the root’s cortex or epidermis. Dissolved mineral cannot diffuse because the membranes are impermeable to ions (Evers, Starr, and Starr 2010, p418). Mineral ions enter the cytoplasm through the active transport process in the plasma membranes. In the cytoplasm, ions and water diffuse from one cell to the cell through plasmodesmata until they enter the vascular cylinder. After water and ions enter the vascular cylinder, they are distributed to the other parts of the plant by the xylem. The plant’s cell wall is rigid but permeable to ions and water. Soil water can enter vascular cylinder by direct diffusion through the cell walls. The parenchyma cells in the root cortex are tightly packed, and they create a continuous pathway that permits the diffusion of mineral ions and water into the vascular cylinder from the epidermis. It is important to note that soil water diffusing into through the cell wall enters the vascular cylinder through the endodermal cell cytoplasm (Evers, Starr, and Starr 2010, p419). Analyse the Benefits of Exercise and the Problems Associated With Obesity There are numerous health benefits of exercise. Exercise can minimize major illnesses such as stroke, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease by up to 50 percent. Exercise can lower up to 30 percent the risk of early death in an individual. Research indicates that physical activity or exercise can boost mood, energy, sleep quality, and self-esteem. Physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of depression, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and stress. People who do exercise regularly

In Depth Analysis Of The Globalisation Issue And Its Impact Business Essay

In Depth Analysis Of The Globalisation Issue And Its Impact Business Essay In this paper, Fischer provides an in depth analysis of the globalisation issue and its impact on trade, firms, employees, cultures and politics worldwide. From evolution of concept of globalisation to its adoption in even the lesser developing countries, Fischer has provided a detailed account of developments that occurred over time in field of human and economy development. Fischer has also included the analysis of policy impacts on enhancement of global trade and employment and several developing regions like Africa, Tunisia, Indonesia and Turkey have been discussed which not only includes political but cultural aspects that affect globalisation. The paper is an important input towards understanding globalisation, its impacts on emerging economies and impact of political, cultural and technological developments on globalisation. UNCTAD. (2004). Development and Globalisation: Facts and Figures. United Nations Publications. [Online] Available from http://unctad.org/en/docs/gdscsir20041_en.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] The research paper by UNCTAD presents a detailed survey of developing economies from perspective of globalisation. UNCTAD has selected data from various regions around the world including Northern African states, Central and South American states and Asia. The economic development has been measured in terms of trade policies, FDI, trade figures and other external factors. Also the social and cultural developments in terms of education and other social factors have also been observed in the report. The report is rather a quantitative input to the project as it includes facts and figures regarding globalisation issues in countries including Algeria which is the main focus of the research. Rothenberg, L. E. (2003). The three tensions of Globalisation. The American forum for Global education. [Online] Available from http://www.globaled.org/issues/176.pdf [Accessed 15 August, 2010] Rothenberg presents a critical analysis of globalisation and its perception in various cultures. Three main dimensions or rather tensions of globalisation are investigated in this study: Individual versus societal choices, free market versus government intervention and local authority versus supra-local authority. The paper gives an interesting perspective on globalisation and its affect on various national cultures that will eventually affect organizational culture. The research thus, is a valuable input in interpreting various cultural and economical challenges associated with globalisation. Stiglitz, J. E. (2003). Globalisation and its discontents. W. W. Norton The book by Stiglitz is a critical opponent of disadvantages associated with concept of globalisation and manipulation of global rules and regulations by developed countries or richer participants. The book provides a detailed analysis of under developed nations and developing nations who participated in globalisation process to gain from it but due to the fundamental believe of free markets and austere policies of institutions like IMF, only wealthy nations and participants have gained from globalisation instead of poor and developing nations. The book is a valuable input towards critical analysis of globalisation concept as it gives a candid and realistic view of negative aspects of globalisation. Boudreaux, D. J. (2008). Globalisation. Greenwood Publishing Group The book from Boudreaux is based on the concept of globalisation and its various aspects. The book is a complete guide towards understanding of globalisation concepts and difficulties that participants of global economy face in complex world of Multinationals. Issues like international trade, national wealth disparity, foreign investment and geographical and cultural issues are discussed in the book with relevant issues that international firms face in foreign countries. The book also includes positive as well as negative contributions of globalisation that have been provided over time to developed and developing economies. Henry, C. M and Springborg, R. (2001). Globalisation and the Politics of Development in Middle East. Cambridge University Press In their book, Henry and Springborg present a detailed analysis of challenges affiliated with globalisation and the politics of country. For the case study purpose, authors have selected Middle East where democratization is nil compared to other cultures around the globe. The authors have discussed several challenges that global firms face while setting up operations in countries of Middle East which has monarchs as rulers and thus, the level of educational and social development is a great hindrance for human resource departments. The authors then further go on with study of different cultures and their political situations and deduct a direct relationship between political structure and implementation of globalisation. Banerjee, D and Goldfield, M. (2008). Labor, Globalisation and the State: workers, women and migrants confront neo-liberalism. Routledge The book by Banerjee and Goldfield revolves around the issue of neo-liberal globalisation and how it has affected the developed as well as developing economics around the globe. The research in the book revolves around one main developed economy of United States and one developing economy of India. Banerjee and Goldfield highlight the misconceptions about globalisation regarding liberalized labor market and capital markets and posit that globalisation has varying effects on labor market in practice. The book also emphasizes on negative effects of globalisation on system of wage fixation, employment pattern, and basic rights at work in both developed, as well as underdeveloped countries. The book is a valuable input in understanding the labor issues which later affect the human resource practices in international communities. ILO. (2004). A Fair globalisation: Creating opportunities for all. ILO Publications. [Online] Available from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/wcsdg/docs/report.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] International Labor Offices report on globalisation is a struggle towards pushing governments around the world to embrace the concept of global economy for progress and improvement of economies worldwide. The report emphasizes on establishing open policies towards globalisation and how it can help boost the trade between nations thereby, resulting in improved infrastructure, technology and human resource. The report also presents views and stances of various regions like Africa, Asia, Latin America and Arab nations regarding global standards and suggests universal efforts for successful transition in trade, technology and labor from local to global level. The report also demands for a fair governance system in globalisation policies while holding departments of parliament and governing councils accountable for maintain fair system. Crafts, N. (2000). Globalisation and Growth in the Twentieth century. IMF. [Online] Available from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp0044.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] The paper by Crafts is a review of past few years as globalisation spread to various economies around the globe and left its positive as well as some negative effects. Although negative effects of income disparity and economic divergence has emerged along with globalisation. However, remarkable growth has been seen in human development index specifically skill and literacy rate. This report explores contributions that have been made by globalisation, future prospects of where economies around world are heading due to this phenomenon and lastly, what if any globalisation backlashes are expected over the coming decades. The report is a valuable input in studying empirical impacts of globalisation on various regions around the globe. Wen, D. (2006). China copes with Globalisation: A mixed review. IFG. [Online] Available from http://www.ifg.org/pdf/FinalChinaReport.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The report by Wen is an empirical analysis of Chinese economy after entering the era of globalisation. Wen covers almost all aspects of globalisation from policies to urban reforms, impact on quality of life, education and environment including cultural aspects, labor reforms and workforce attitude. The report provides a thorough review of effects of globalisation in economy of China which is relevant to this study as the cultural differences between China and other developed nations such as U.S. and Japan are enormous and therefore, it will be easy to relate to difficulties of cultural context in Algeria due to globalisation. Kremer, M and Maskin, E. (2006). Globalisation and Inequality. Harvard University The paper presented by Kremer and Maskin is a theoretical approach towards understanding the criticism on Globalisation regarding widening the gap of education and money between poor and rich. Kremer and Maskin support the notion that due to several constraining factors like lack of access to education and skill learning, globalisation mainly benefits the rich both in rich and poor economies while the poor can only benefit if he by any means increase his skill or education level. The research includes evidences from several developed and developing nations like China, India, United States and Japan and confers that the concept of globalisation is more complicate than implicated and thus, requires careful consideration by developing or under developed nations before its implementation. ILO. (2001). Human Resources Development, Employment, and Globalisation in hotel, catering and tourism sector. International Labor Organization. [Online] Available from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/tmhct01/tmhct-r.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The concept of globalisation is widely applicable in industries of hotel, catering and tourism that are in a way interrelated. The report by ILO presents a comprehensive review of hotel and tourism industry which is boosted by globalisation as cross-border travelling increased overtime. According to ILO, the most positively affected sector in this case is the employment sector where employment level and skills of employees have tremendously increased due to global travelling. The inter country interactions with tourists and guests have led local firms to develop training and education programs for their employees which gives development opportunities for both men and women, thereby, affecting the culture as well. The study will be an important input in studying the impact of globalisation of human resource development and culture of developing nations. Yusoff, M. S. (2003). Globalisation and Human Resource Development in the Malaysian Public Sector. UN. [Online] Available from http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/EROPA/UNPAN014373.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] Yusoff in his report presents the globalisation approach adopted by Malaysian public sector to avoid consequences of income inequality and win-lose situation between developed and developing countries as conceived by various critics. Yusoff studies various initiatives that Malaysian government has taken in development of its human work force such as remuneration policies that support growth and productivity and can be rewarded accordingly, career development strategies to increase motivation for learning and performance in employees and global training and development programs for locals to adjust to globalisation demands. The study is a valuable effort that provides factors and strategies that can combat negative consequences of globalisation. NATIONAL ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE Kefela, G. T. (2010). Understanding Organizational Culture and Leadership- Enhance Efficiency and Productivity. PM World Today. [Online] Available from http://www.pmforum.org/library/papers/2010/PDFs/jan/FP-KEFELE-Managingorganizationalcultures.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] This paper by Kefela revolves around importance of organizational culture in creating effective leadership and shaping the approach of employees towards their goals. A strong organization of efficiency and productivity is created by cultures that promote as well as support structures and policies which lead management into taking actions that can enhance productivity of employees through suitable job designs, hierarchy of command and delegation of authority. The paper by Kefela is an important input in understanding culture separately as well as in organizational context. Also the importance of organizational culture as emphasized in paper is relevant to study of global HRM where clashes between national and organizational cultures are observed. Michailova, S and Hutchings, K. (2004). Knowledge Sharing and National culture: A comparison between China and Russia. Journal of Management Studies [Online] Available from http://openarchive.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10398/7306/knowledge%20sharing%20and%20national%20culture.pdf?sequence=1 [Accessed August 14, 2010] The research report by Michailova and Hutchings is an analytical approach towards understanding the cultural approaches in transitional economies of China and Russia and how national culture affects the processes of organizations such as knowledge sharing. The cultural aspects of vertical individualism and collectivism in these two countries definitely affect the way organizations and especially international operate. The authors have investigated the differences in national cultures of Russia and China and then empirically analyzed how the difference in cultures affect the perceptions of management in firms regarding knowledge sharing which is an essential element in business today. Yeganeh, M. E. (2006). The impact of National and organizational culture on information technology (IT). [Online] Available from http://www.nlai.ir/Portals/2/files/faslname/69/en_content.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] Yeganeh in this paper discusses the increasing importance of national and organizational culture on Information technology and over all global operations. According to Yeganeh, as the world moves towards a global end, use of information technology is also increasing leading to dependency of foreign firms on information technology. However, the national culture prevailing in host country often causes hindrance to achievement of such transfer of knowledge. The paper intends to provide a detailed overview of national culture as well as organizational culture which is believed to overcome any hindrances created by national culture if strong enough and therefore, provides a comprehensive account of various issues like culture and globalisation. Edwards, T and Kuruvilla, S. (2005). International HRM: national business systems, organizational politics and the international division of labor in MNCs. International Journal of Human Resource Management. Vol 16. No. 1. [Online] Available from http://org8220renner.alliant.wikispaces.net/file/view/Edwards.pdf [Accessed August 12, 2010] In this journal article, Edwards and Kuruvilla discussed the issue of national and organizational culture that has been faced by managers of global firms as they enter another country. The concept of International HRM though is a powerful tool to cater to national culture needs as well as organizational goals, yet is difficult to implement as the management often ignores the importance of national culture and its effects on employees while implementing global standards. Edwards and Kuruvilla stressed the need for focus on three main dimensions of national culture that might affect implementation of global HRM: internal organizational politics, inadequate conceptualization of national effects and internal division of labor in MNCs. Rutkowska, A. L. (2009). The impact of national and organizational culture on the cooperation of firms a supply chain perspective. Journal of Intercultural Management. Vol. 1. No. 2. [Online] Available from http://www.joim.pl/pdf/Laskowska-Rutkowska2.pdf [Accessed August 12, 2010] In this journal article, Rutkowska emphasizes on importance of global chain of knowledge and sharing of technology and how various factors affect the efficient process of globalisation. Among several factors, national and organizational factors are the most important factors that not only affect organizations output but its resources like employees as well. Rutkowska has selected supply chain as focus technology which is strongly affected by culture as it requires elements of partnership, cooperation, negotiations and information transfer. The article explains in detail various perspectives of national and organizational culture and how organizational culture needs to dominate when it comes to globalized operations. Yintsuo, H. (2007). Relationships between National Cultures and Hofstede Model, and Implications for a Multinational Enterprise. Asia Pacific Management Conference. [Online] Available from http://infotech.monash.edu.au/research/centres/cdsesr/papers-pdf/t145.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] This article by Yintsuo draws relationship between real life examples from MNCs existing in high power distance countries like China, Taiwan and Thailand and low power distance countries like United States and Canada. The study is empirical in nature and provides a detailed analysis of effect of national culture on MNCs in that country and how organizational culture can help management in eliminating cultural risk. The five dimensions of culture were used in the study including power distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty avoidance and Long-term orientation. Hofstede model of cultural dimension is an important input in study of globalisation and particularly impact of culture in it and therefore, this article gives a significant input in this study. Murphy, W. H. (1999). Hofstedes National Culture as a Guide for Sales Practices across Countries: The Case of a MNCs Sales Practices in Australia and New Zealand. Australian Journal of Management. Vol. 24, No. 1. [Online] Available from http://www.agsm.edu.au/eajm/9906/pdf/murphy.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] This journal article is another significant contribution towards understanding role of national culture in affecting global operations of firms in host country. Murphy in his research has different implications than Yintsuos and Rutkowskas research as he implies that MNCs need to alter their strategies according to local markets especially when considering sales training as applying foreign practices results in more resistance and risks compared to advantages and gains. The research paper by Murphy can be used as a counter argument in research as organizational culture is given least importance in the project. Mowat, J. (2002). Corporate Culture. Herridge Group. [Online] Available from http://www.herridgegroup.com/pdfs/corp_cultures.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The paper by Mowat emphasizes on importance of organizational or corporate culture to employees as well as management in order to successfully operate and achieve desired goals. Unlike researchers who place greater emphasis on national culture, Mowat places corporate culture in higher regard as any misunderstanding in corporate culture can damage the profitability and success rate of firms. Corporate culture is an important aspect in Human Resource Management as HR personnel are always expected to mold or persuade employees to achieve maximum benefits for the firm. The paper by Mowat therefore, gives a useful account of internal culture of organizations that build a strong solution for international firms struggling with diversity issues. Fey, C. F. and Denison, D. R. Organizational Culture and effectiveness: The case of foreign firms in Russia. [Online] Available from http://swoba.hhs.se/hastba/papers/hastba2000_004.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] Fey and Denison present an empirical paper on importance of cultural context in countries like Russia which significantly differ in cultural context from that of U.S. or Japan. The researchers, based on the inflexible nature of Russians and turbulent political and social environment of country, have tried to investigate the effects of international Human resource and social frameworks on Russian individuals. Based on these frameworks and empirical research from international firms operating in Russia, Fey and Denison have analyzed common elements in cultures of U.S. and Russia which results in positive existence of foreign firms while dissimilar cultural factors result in discontent attitude of Russians towards foreign firms. KObonyo, P. (2007). Influence of Culture on Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Practices in Multinational Companies (MNC) in Kenya: A Critical Literature Review. University of Nairobi. [Online] Available from http://www.strathmore.edu/research/strategic-human-resource-mgt.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] The paper investigates misperception of some theorists that application of Strategic Human Resource management is the key solution to diversity management in MNCs. The author asserts that organizational culture though provide a uniform framework and goals for employees in international firms yet national culture in some countries specifically developing nations hold great significance and therefore, it is important to understand perception of workers regarding their national identity to ensure that there is no clash between national and organizational culture. The researcher has also implemented Hofstedes cultural dimensions framework to international firms in Kenya in order to understand the strong influence of culture on them. Guidroz, A. M., Kotrba, L. M and Denison, D. R. (2009). Workplace Diversity: Is National or Organizational Culture Predominant? Linkage Inc. [Online] Available from http://www.linkageinc.com/thinking/linkageleader/Documents/Denison_Consulting_Workplace_Diversity_Is_National_or_Organizational_Culture_Predominant.pdf [Accessed August 13, 2010] This report by Guidroz, Kotrba and Denison is an important contribution towards understanding an important aspect of Human Resource Management under globalisation: Work place diversity. The report emphasizes on emergence of concept of diversity management which is implemented by managers of international firms to deal with the local and international workforce. The report also studies the impact of national and organizational culture on perceptions of employees regarding their treatment under foreign firms as culture shapes individuals perceptions. The report is a significant addition to literature review as it covers all aspects of globalisation including HR policies and frameworks, workforce issues and diversity management. Ghauri, P. N and Usunier, J. C. (2003). International Business Negotiations. Edward Elgar Publishing. This book is another contribution towards issues of international business which is everywhere in todays world. The authors have emphasized on two major aspects of globalisation: culture and communication that significantly affects business dealings and negotiations which are integral parts of International business. The authors discuss in detail the concept of international business negotiation and its importance, cultural dimensions that affect negotiations and guidelines to international managers based on real life examples and case studies from different cultures. The book is an important input in understanding concept of globalisation and factors of negotiations that initiate the global business. Silverthorne, C. P. (2003). Organizational psychology in cross-cultural perspective. NYU Press. Silverthorne in this book has emphasized on the differences between various cultures and how human psychology varies from nation to nation depending on culture of that nation. This aspect of culture also affects the organizational culture of MNCs and international firms who aim at implementing similar psychological theories in each nation. The author has covered various aspects of Human Resource Development in the book including leadership, motivation, conflict and power, negotiation and communication that managers face in foreign nations and with their employees. The book covers all essential elements of globalisation and HR factors affecting its implementation. GLOBALISATION AND ITS EFFECTS Rioux, S. M., Bernthal, P. R and Wellins, R. S. (2000). The development of Human Resource practices survey report. Development Dimensions International. Vol 3. No. 1. [Online] Available from http://www.ddiworld.co.uk/pdf/theglobalisationofhrpractices_fullreport_ddi.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] Rioux, Bernthal and Wellins have presented a paper pertaining to several HR issues that surround managers in this global world and analyze the issue by observing HR practices of managers around the globe. The report also emphasize on issue of national and corporate culture which often gives organizations a hard time in adjustment in other countries. Leadership adjustment, recruitment, local differences with culture and training and development are few HR issues that managers face in host countries. The authors also emphasize on the social, economic, cultural and political differences that limit the consistent HR practices by a firm across globe. The report helps in understanding the difference between corporate and national culture and what role these factors play in global context. Cesyniene, R. (2008). Globalisation and Human Resource Development. Economika. [Online] Available from http://www.leidykla.eu/fileadmin/Ekonomika/82/41-56.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The article by Cesyniene represents negative effects of globalisation on Human Resource Practices of firms operating outside their home country. The author appreciates the positive aspects of globalisation such as free trade and technology flows cross borders leading to competitive business environment. However, the establishment of business outside home country involves several other problems like national culture differences and thus different personality traits of employees. The author compares cultures of economies like U.S., U.K, France, Japan and Lithuania where differences in cultures lead to perception differences in terms of compensation, reward, working conditions, delegation of authority, training and social interactions within firms. Poor, J. (2005). Internationalization and Globalisation in Human Resource Management. [Online] Available from http://kgk.bmf.hu/system/files/Poor.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] In this paper Poor presented the concept of International HRM (IHRM) which emerged as a result of globalisation. Poor posited that internationalization of firms requires all operational and marketing activities to be delivered in consensus with local culture and market etiquettes and therefore, the HR practices need to be global as well to avoid the chaos of national and international culture and its adoption difficulties. Poor distinguishes clearly between local and international HRM and thus, provide a detailed analysis for foreign firms to operate under a global framework of HRM that can reduce cultural, employment and operational risks in foreign country. Tomlinson, J. (2003). Globalisation and Cultural Identity.GT Reader. [Online] Available from http://www.polity.co.uk/global/pdf/GTReader2eTomlinson.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] Tomlinson in this paper presented an argumentative analysis in favor of globalisation and its positive impacts on cultural identities. The paper is presented to counter the criticisms of various researchers over negative impacts of globalisation on cultural identities whether in organizations or marketing campaigns or even products. Tomlinson considers national identity as a strong cultural point which is highlighted by globalisation instead of being crushed and thus, rejects the notion of critics of globalisation. According to the paper, Tomlinson suggests that globalisation brings with it modernity and updated reflections upon life which positively enhances cultural identity whether it is in form of modern organizational practices or products for consumers. Goyal, K. A. (2006). Impact of globalisation on developing countries: with special reference to India. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. [Online] Available from http://www.eurojournals.com/IRJFE%206%20goyal.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] This paper by Goyal intends to study the effect of three major policies of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalisation on developing countries economies. This impact is studied on basis of Foreign Direct Investment and export and import trades in countries like China and India and implies that LPG itself is a progressing concept however; the wrong selection of policies is what makes an economy suffer from dark side of globalisation. The paper is an important input in understanding the effects of globalisation and assessing factors that positively or negatively align a countrys strategies to positive effects of globalisation. Eregare, E. A and Afolabi, A. O. (2009). The Effects of Globalisation and Deregulation on Nigerian Culture Industries. Journal of Social Sciences. Vol 21. No.2. [Online] Available from http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-21-0-000-09-Web/JSS-21-2-000-09-Abst-PDF/JSS-21-2-145-09-360-Eregare-E-A/JSS-21-2-145-09-360-Eregare-E-A-Tt.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] The report by Eregare and Afolabi critically analyzes the effects of Globalisation on Nigerias culture. Where the authors appreciate the economical growth that has been spurred by globalisation and privatization, they also become cautious of the penetrations in Nigerian cultures that globalisation has made possible for other nations. The authors consider American and European cultures as strong ones compared to Nigerian culture and thus, warn against the takeover of one culture by another. The report provides a fair evaluation of effects of globalisation as both negative and positive aspects are discussed by authors. Pickering, J. (2002). Globalisation: a threat to Australian culture? Journal of Australian Political Economy. [Online] Available from http://www.multiculturalaustralia.edu.au/doc/jape48_3.pdf [Accessed August 15, 2010] Pickering positively analyzes cultural changes in Australia that have been brought by globalisation both in consumers as well as in employees. Despite the criticisms of anti-globalisation personnel, Pickering points out various positive changes brought by globalisation, for instance, improved skills of employees, modern technology, promotion of human rights and modern culture. The paper is an additional evidence of positive contributions of globalisation towards national culture as well as organizational culture. Lee, E and Vivarelli, M. (2006). The Social Impact of Globalisation in Developing Countries. FTP Institute for the Study of Labor. [Online] Available from http://ftp.iza.org/dp1925.pdf [Accessed August 14, 2010] Research by Lee and Vivarelli is another negative perspective in popularity of globalisation as the researchers condemn surety of successful globalisation in every case. Lee and Vivarelli have analyzed globalisation in context of FDI and trade increases where according to their research, FDI and open trade alone cannot bring positive effects on economy. Another perspective of concentrated employment is used in the paper which emerges as result of different demographics, education level and cultures of countries and therefore, can result in increased poverty. Similarly, increased imports can affect the local industries affecting employment as well poverty level. The paper provides limited yet strong evidence on effects of globalisation. Campe, C. V. (2008). Globalisation and its effects on nationalism. [Online